Edgar Varese Essays - Varese, Edgard Varse, , Term Papers

Edgar Varese Edgard Varese was born in Paris and studied composition there. He came to the United States at the age of thirty-two. He is considered an American composer. In most of his works, he used the spelling "Edgar", but later used the French spelling "Edgard". Varese was one of the most original composers. He was not satisfied with traditional instruments or the tempered scale of twelve equal half steps to the octave. He thought of his music as structures in sound. He did not think there was a need for the human performer. Varese had the idea that the music should not be changed from its intended message. He thought that by people playing sheet music, the music was slightly deformed from its original version. He figured that to do this, the composer's score would be transferred to an electric machine. From then on, anyone would be able to press a button to play the music exactly as the composer had written it. To Varese, music is spatial. He thought of musical sounds as masses in space. In his playing he would no longer use the old conception of melody or interplay of melodies. In Varese's music, there are sustained sounds, sliding sounds, and certain favorite percussion sounds.

Practice in Identifying Adjectives

Practice in Identifying Adjectives This exercise will give you practice in recognizing adjectivesthe part of speech that modifies (or qualifies the meaning of) nouns. To learn more about adjectives in English, see: Adding Adjectives and Adverbs to the Basic Sentence UnitPractice in Turning Adjectives Into AdverbsSentence Building with Adjectives and AdverbsSentence Combining With Adjectives and Adverbs Instructions The sentences in this exercise have been adapted from those in two paragraphs of E.L. Doctorows novel Worlds Fair (1985). (To read Doctorows original sentences, go to Ritual in Doctorows Worlds Fair.) See if you can identify all the adjectives in these 12 sentences. When youre done, compare your responses with the answers on page two. Grandmas room I regarded as a dark den of primitive rites and practices.She had two wobbly old candlesticks.Grandma lit the white candles and waved her hands over the flames.Grandma kept her room clean and tidy.She had a very impressive hope chest covered with a shawl and on her dresser a hairbrush and comb.There was a plain rocking chair under a lamp so she could read her prayer book.And on an end table beside the chair was a flat box packed with a medicinal leaf that was shredded like tobacco.This was the centerpiece of her most consistent and mysterious ritual.She removed the lid from this blue box and turned it on its back and used it to burn a pinch of the leaf.It made tiny pops and hisses as it burned.She turned her chair toward it and sat inhaling the thin wisps of smoke.The smell was pungent, as if from the underworld. Here are the answers to the  Exercise in Identifying Adjectives. Adjectives are in bold print. Grandmas room I regarded as a  dark  den of  primitive  rites and practices.She had  two wobbly old  candlesticks.Grandma lit the  white  candles and waved her hands over the flames.Grandma kept her room  clean  and  tidy.She had a very  impressive  hope chest covered with a  shawl  and on her dresser a hairbrush and comb.There was a  plain  rocking chair under a lamp so she could read her prayer book.And on an end table beside the chair was a  flat  box packed with a  medicinal  leaf that was shredded like tobacco.This was the centerpiece of her most  consistent  and  mysterious  ritual.She removed the lid from this  blue  box and turned it on its back and used it to burn a pinch of the leaf.It made  tiny  pops and hisses as it burned.She turned her chair toward it and sat inhaling the  thin  wisps of smoke.The smell was  pungent, as if from the underworld. See also:  Exercise in Identifying Adverbs

Engineering Materals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Engineering Materals - Essay Example Crevice corrosion is a localized and geometrically controlled form of corrosion. They are the products of situations containing a stagnant solution and corrosion friendly microenvironments. This type of corrosion can occur between rivet heads, lap joints, in threads and anywhere a small crevice is formed in which at least one side is a metal. As in all types of corrosion, an anodic reaction: exists which propagates over the entire surface. However, the geometry of the crevice restricts cathodic reaction such that the dissolved oxygen cannot be replaced. Thus the region within the crevice becomes exclusively anodic while the region outside becomes cathodic. An electric imbalance result attracting the negative ions into the crevice. The small size of the crevice screens the incoming ions such that the concentration of the chloride and the hydrogen ions increases within the crevice. The pH of the solution within the crevice decreases from 6 to as much as 2 or 3. This increased acidity causes further corrosion within the crevice resulting in massive material erosion from within the crevice region. In most cases, crevice corrosion is not visible from the outside and this hidden nature makes inspection as well as rectification difficult. This is schematically represented in the figure shown: Pitting corrosion is a form of localized corrosion as it does not spread laterally across an exposed surface rapidly but penetrates into the metal very quickly, usually at an angle of 90o to the surface. Stagnant solution conditions favor pitting corrosion. The presence of halide ions, chloride, fluoride bromide and iodide, can all pit metals. The most aggressive ion depends on the metal and ion combination. The effect of pitting is to cause holes on the metal surface which can corrode a large amount of material from the surface. The mechanism of pitting can be divided into two processes – the initiation

Case Analysis of Tata Motors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Case Analysis of Tata Motors - Essay Example It was a very conscious effort considering the situation of global car market and the company’s competitive advantages. Nano has been marketed as the â€Å"World’s Cheapest Car† and the company has adopted a very unique development and business model for this special child of it. One of the most important advantages that the company enjoys is that it has more than enough knowledge about its home market i.e. India, its competitors and its suppliers. Tata Motors and its chairman Ratan Tata want Nano to create same magic that Mini did in Britain and Beetle did in Germany. Furthermore, the company and its visionary management could foresee the future of global car market which is expected to be very much dominated by the low-cost as well as ultra-low-cost cars. This paper includes the answers of four questions that are based on a case of Tata Motors and its Nano. The paper aims to discuss the reasons behind the Tata Motors’ decision to enter the market of ultr a-low-cost cars, competitive advantages of Tata Motors as well as Nano, probable screening criteria for the Nano’s IMS process and the potential market for Nano beyond India and China. Main Reasons for Tata Motors entering the ultra-low-cost car market Global car industry and its competitive landscape have been experiencing significant alterations which are permanent and dramatic. One of the main reasons behind this is the change in nature of demand of the end users across the globe. A completely new and unique class of car buyers has been emerging in the industrializing countries like China and India. Such incident has created a huge potential for cars which can be found in the price range of $2500 - $5000. Such cars are popular among the manufacturers and buyers as ultra-low-cost cars. A report of A. T. Kearney says that till 2020, almost 16 million cars from this category will be sold every year. India and other Southeast Asian countries will be the key market for such typ e of cars (A. T. Kearney, 2008). Chinese and Russian consumers are expected to look beyond ultra-low-cost cars as they have moved ahead of their Indian counterparts in terms of income level. This new category of cars is likely to experience tremendous demand especially from India. In 2005, almost 208 million Indian had an income that theoretically allows them to buy a car that costs in between $2500 - $5000. It is expected that by the end of 2020 there will be around 439 million people who will be looking for these ULCCs. It is important to mention that most of these people will be ‘first time buyer’ of car. Research shows that if the car is priced at around $4000 then almost 270 million Indians will be in a position to buy it, whereas if the starting price is set at around $2500 then the number moves up to 530 million (A. T. Kearney, 2008). Tata Motors, being an India based car maker knows the market more than any other company. The company is very much aware of the ab ove mentioned facts and figures; hence this huge potential of ULCCs has definitely influenced Tata Motors to make an entry in ULCC market. Tata Motors did its own research before coming up with the plan of Nano. The company targeted the market that no other auto maker in the country has done it. It has targeted the two wheeler owners. India is such a country where people use two-wheelers as their

Light Photography Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Light Photography - Assignment Example Diffusion scatters light making the source broader and softer. For example, when clouds drift in front of the sun, shadows get less distinct. For the shadows to disappear, just add fog. Thirdly, bouncing light acts as diffusion. By aiming a narrow source of light at a broad matte surface such as wall and ceiling, it will not only reflect the light but will also diffuse it by scattering it over a wider area. The further the light source, the more it falls off meaning it gets dimmer on your subject. If light is moved twice as far from the subject you end up with only one quarter of it on the subject. Light fall-off can be used for varying the relationship between the light on your subject and your background. If a light source is placed close to the subject, the fall-off from the subject to the background will be more pronounced. When light is moved further from the subject, the background will be relatively brighter. Generally, I have learnt a lot from the light photography assignment. Light lessens shadows, the closer the source of light the closer the light, diffusion scatters light, and that bouncing light acts as diffusion. The further the light source, the more it falls off, Light falloff can be used to vary relationship and Front lighting deemphasizes

Comparison of Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methods

Comparison of Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methods NAME: LUCKY AMADI DISCUSS QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS. INTRODUCTION. What is Research? Research is an inquiry to describe, explain, predict and control the observed development. Research helps to acquire knowledge about a particular thing it is done to understand. It can also be seen as the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions. Research methods are often divided into two main types: Qualitative Research methods Quantitative Research methods Qualitative Method of Research. Qualitative research which is also called Field research is done to gain a deep understanding of a specific organisation or event rather than the surface description.it is aimed at getting a better understanding through first experience, truthful reports and quotation of actual conversations, also aims to know how participants derive meaning from their surroundings and how their meaning influences their behaviour. Qualitative research makes use of observation as a data collection method; this is the selection and recording of behaviours of people in their environment, observation is useful for generating in-depth descriptions of organisations or events, for obtaining information that is otherwise inaccessible, and for conducting research when other methods are inadequate. The context or background of behaviour is included in observations of both people and their environment. Stages in Participatory Observation Selection of a site and definition of problems, concepts and indicators. The problem or phenomenon of interest is first identified by the researcher; he tries to discern what will yield the greatest understanding of that problem. The researcher then identifies preliminary concepts and what data will be gathered as indicators of those concepts. The researcher chooses a strategy to move into the researcher. This involves an overt or a covert role for the researcher, issues may include how to record observations (writing notes, tape recordings, video tape) as well as ethical issues (privacy, confidentiality, etc.) Strategies include: adopting a passive role at first, learning the ropes; don’t seek data aggressively until later; be a researcher not a therapist, answer questions but don’t become closely identified with any one person until you are sure it will not cost you information in the long run, be non-persistence. Selecting people and events to observe. Primary sources also known as â€Å"key informants† of information are identified by the researcher. These people may be relied upon in the beginning to help the researcher get acculturated to the situation. The statements of key informants can be taken as evidence, even if their statements are somewhat self-serving. The researcher must also be aware of possible differences between the validity and intention of volunteered statements that are made in response to the researcher’s questions. Develop relationships with the participants. Researchers must have the trust and confidence of the informants. Researchers must speak their â€Å"language† and understand their â€Å"world†. The researcher can note the differences rather than accept one and reject the other. The researcher must determine whether certain things are not being said because of his or her role as â€Å"researcher† or whether they can use their position as â€Å"neutral outsider† to gain more information. Analysing observations. The researcher can check whether none, all or some proportion of behaviours or events occur under distinct circumstances. A preliminary model can be generated to explain the data collected. Further observations are then collected which can strengthen or weaken the researchers preliminary model. Final analysis and interpretation. Models are checked against the evidence. Advanced concepts and evidence for their support and refutation are checked. The major problem is how to present the data in a brief but meaningful form. Advantages of Qualitative research. It gives the researcher freedom to let the study unfold more naturally. The researcher gains more detailed and rich data in the form of comprehensive written descriptions or visual evidence such as photographs. It looks at the context and social meaning and how it affects individuals. Disadvantages of Qualitative research. It is time consuming. It is difficult to code data. It is not applicable to widely dispersed social settings It is difficult to control for researcher bias. Quantitative Research of Method. Quantitative research can be seen as explaining phenomena by collecting numerical data that are analysed using mathematically based methods; this method reduces the data into numbers, the researcher helps to analyse the data with the help of statistics. The researcher knows in advance what he/she is looking for and all aspects of the study are carefully designed before the data is collected. Its objective is to develop and employ mathematical models, theories or hypotheses pertaining to phenomena. Process of Quantitative research method. Developing models, theories, and hypotheses of what the researcher expects to find. Developing instruments and methods for measuring the data. Experimental control and manipulation of variables. Collecting the data. Modelling and analysing the data. Evaluating the results. Principles of Quantitative Research. Objectivity is important. Methods and conclusions are examined by researchers for any possible bias. Researchers go to great length to ensure that they are really measuring what they claim to be measuring. External factors which might affect the result must also be controlled as it might be the other factor which produces the result. When looking at results the P value is important, P stands for probability. It measures the likelihood that a particular finding or observed difference is due to chance, P is between 0 and 1, the closer the result is to 0 the less likely it is that the observed difference is due to change, the closer the result is to 1 the greater the likelihood that the finding is due to chance and that there is no difference between the variables. Advantages of Quantitative method of research. It allows researchers to measure and analyse data. It helps to carry out test for hypotheses in experiments because of its ability to measure data using statistics. The researcher is more objective about the findings of the research. Disadvantages of Quantitative research. It doesn’t study things in a natural setting or discuss the meaning things have for different people unlike qualitative method of research. A large sample of population must be studied; the larger the sample of people researched the more statistically accurate the results will be. CONCLUSION. Each of these researches are done for a purpose just like Qualitative is done to gain understanding of a specific organisation or phenomena, Quantitative is done by analysing data with the help of statistics it has to do with numbers. Just like everything they both have their advantages and disadvantages. REFERENCES Anderson, ML and Taylor, H.F (2009) sociology. The essentials Belmont C.A Thomson Wadsworth.

Piracy :: essays research papers

Piracy Recently, The Toronto Star published an article entitled "RCMP seizes BBS, piracy charges pending." The RCMP have possessed all computer components belonging to the "90 North" bulletin board system in Montreal, Quebec. The board is accused of allowing people the opportunity to download (get) commercial and beta (or commercial) software versions. I feel that the RCMP should not charge people that are linked to computer piracy, because the pirated software offers valuable opportunity to programmers and users. Also, revenue lost to the large software companies is such a small amount that the effect won't be greatly felt by them and so it is not worth the policing effort required to track down the pirates. When pirates distribute the illegal software, one could say that they are helping, than hurting the software companies. By distributing the software world wide, it creates great advertisement for the software companies and their products. Although the software company is losing profits from that particular version, it could generate future sales with other versions. Also, when the pirates distribute the software this could be a great source of test data for the software companies. This is an effective way to catch any unfounded bugs in the software program. From debugging to hacking, hackers can benefit the most. They can study and learn from the advancements with in the programming. So what does all this activity tell us? This tells us the people are willing to go to great lengths to get software at a lower cost, or possibly in exchange for other software and that they are succeeding in their efforts. Although more than 50% of their software income is from other companies which do not pirate, this poses a problem for the software industries. By fining a single bulletin board out of the thousands in North America, there would be little accomplished. Not to mention the fact the it is extremely difficult to prove and convict people under the Copyright Act. In today's society, revenue from software is such a small income source for corporations such as WordPerfect Corp. These companies make their money mainly from individuals purchasing extra manuals, reference material, supplementary hardware, and calling product support. Software companies are conscious of the pirate world and the changes they have made. Some companies actually want you to take the software by using the SHAREWARE concept. In SHAREWARE one gets a chance to use demo programs and then pay for the full purchase if he feels it is worthwhile. It is a bit like test driving a car, before one buys. In most cases, users are happy and end up

R.L.Stevenson in ‘The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’ to Heighten the Horror Essay

During the novel ‘The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde,’ R.L.Stevenson uses many techniques and language devices such as metaphor, simile, irony and personification to gradually heighten the horror. Stevenson has some powerful passages such as, the trampling of the child, the murder of Sir Danvers Carew and the transformation of Jekyll at Dr Lanyons. Stevenson sets the story in London, 1886, which at this time was the richest part of the entire world. Many of the people who lived there had little contact with crime, which is ironic because Mr Hyde, a character within Dr Jekyll, disturbs the whole scene into that of a scary and tense area. The main settings where horrific things happen are usually described as ‘†¦almost deserted†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ and ‘†¦lamp-lit†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ which is a very good setting for heightening the horror in the novel. It shows mystery and emptiness which makes you wait for intense action, this causes the rhythm and speed of the story to change depending on the setting. A setting described as ‘†¦foggy†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ and ‘†¦nocturnal†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ fits greatly into a society like Dr Jekyll’s in London a place of which is dominated by secrecy the whole way through, which add suspense to the story their makes it more tense for the reader. The mystery begins at the very start, where we meet Utterson who is an intelligent lawyer who does not quickly judge other people. Mr Utterson becomes our guide throughout many of the chapters and we see all of the discoveries he makes. The door in Dr Jekyll’s house stands out because Mr Hyde uses it as if were his own and a theme of mystery evolves around it, because we do not know where it leads to. This is where we first meet Mr Hyde. He is hard to describe but has a strong effect on everybody who meets him. His behaviour is unusual. He tramples on a girl and appears to be really calm about the situation, as if he has no fear in life, which is extraordinary and inhuman. Without a fuss he accepts what he has done wrong and agrees to pay à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½100 compensation. The money is paid by cheque ‘†¦signed by a name [Utterson] cannot mention†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢which gives a really strong sense of mystery which carries through until the end of the novel. In chapter two ‘The Search for Hyde’ the mystery deepens even more. We here that Jekyll has left ‘†¦all his possessions†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ in a signed Will to the evil Mr Hyde. Mr Utterson was the first person in the novel that we heard about, we trust him the most and therefore share in his concerns about Jekyll which appears to be blackmail. All of the mystery that Stevenson adds to the story helps make it more horrific and tense for the raeder. As the story continues, Utterson sees Hyde’s face and describes him as ‘†¦pale and dwarfish†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ and that he is a mix of ‘†¦timidity and boldness†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ which is very intriguing because he show two characteristics in a weird way which gives us the theme of duality. Other people find it hard to describe him, Enfield describes him as giving ‘†¦a strong feeling of deformity†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ but ‘†¦ he is not easy to describe.’ Which forces people to read on further and get deeper into the book. Although he is described as giving ‘†¦a displeasing smile†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ and having a ‘†¦ghastly face†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ the reader is not given a quality description of his face, which in my opinion is done deliberately by Stevenson to give a mysterious image to Mr Hyde. This causes the reader to concentrate on him and want to learn more about him, therefore would be more horrific for the reader because he does not even know what the mutant looks like, we only know his actions. Mr Hyde represents ‘†¦the beast in man†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ and is described as animalistic in many occasions. An example of this is when Mr Utterson meets him and describes him as ‘†¦hissing†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ like a cornered snake. Another is when Poole evaluates him as a ‘†¦thing†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢that squeals ‘†¦like a rat†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ he moves about ‘†¦like a monkey†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ and screams in ‘†¦mere animal terror.’ These are examples of similes which suggest that Hyde is abnormal and is compared with the characters of animals-which relates to the Charles Darwin theory of apes and backward evolution, which would be terrifying for a Victorian reader because they did not believe in the theory. Mr Hyde shows how evil and spiteful he is by making the transforming of character involuntary, for Jekyll to see that his hand is ‘†¦thickly shaded with a swart. growth of hair†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ which makes him describe his double personality and character as ‘†¦the animal within me licking the chops of memory.’ Hyde was haggard in the way that he ‘†¦snarled aloud into a savage laugh†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢which suggests how he is related to evil, like a monster. Many horror stories have monsters and other characters to portray them as horrific, but Stevenson takes it a step further and makes you picture a monster of your own choice with the little information and description given to you, this builds up the tension and horror layer by layer the more you read on. Another theme is shown when the Jekyll/Hyde double in the laboratory is described as having ‘†¦a mask upon his face.’ This shows the dual nature of Jekyll/Hyde. The weather also plays a big part in the story, it effects it by making the atmosphere feel real and heightening the horror. Stevenson uses pathetic fallacy to change the setting and atmosphere into one of which suits the story, ‘†¦it was an early cloudless night†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ and ‘†¦a brilliantly lit lane†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ with a ‘†¦full moon†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢which gives a sense of calmness. Stevenson then gives intense action, which has a strong effect on the reader and therefore effectively heightens the horror. The action is a murder, which is very horrific anyway. A maidservant witnessed the murder from her bedroom window. The maidservant described the victim, Sir Danvers Carew, as ‘†¦an old aged beautiful gentleman†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ she did not recognise him but he seemed to have ‘†¦an innocent and old-world kindness of disposition†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ He came across a small man who the maidservant recognised, Mr Hyde. Sir Danvers Carew addressed Mr Hyde politely but Hyde, without replying, ‘†¦broke out into a great flame of anger†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Carew’s bones ‘†¦audibly shattered.’ The body ‘†¦jumped upon the roadway†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ until it became ‘†¦mangled.’ The murder weapon was a stick made of ‘†¦very tough and heavy wood†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ of which broke ‘†¦under the stress of his insensate cruelty.’ This is by far the most intense and scariest part of the book because Stevenson uses emotive language and other language devices to show a great contrast of description shown between Carew and Hyde of good and evil, which makes Mr Hyde seem an extraordinary evil character of ‘†¦cruelty.’ Dr Henry Jekyll is a well-known chemist and physician with qualifications to his name. We meet him in the third chapter ‘Dr Jekyll was quite at ease’. He is described as a ‘†¦large, well-made, smooth faced man of fifty†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ who had ‘†¦something of a slyish cast.’ He had ‘†¦every mark of capacity and kindness.’ He is a wealthy man whose autobiography is shown in his ‘Statement’ this tells us that he was born into a well-off family and he had a brilliant education. Jekyll is hypocritical to himself because he sees the evil side of his nature (Hyde), yet does not accept him as a natural part of him in his life and is also arrogant, thinking that he can control nature. The theme of duality is shown in many parts of the story, when Utterson shows Mr Guest, a writing expert, a letter and he notices that ‘†¦the two hands are in many points identical†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ between Hyde’s and Jekyll’s handwriting. Stevenson uses irony to make profound statements about the personality of humans, this helps the main theme and adds more information to explain the moral of the story. During the novel, we are told the story through the eyes of many people such as Enfield, Utterson, Lanyon and eventually Jekyll himself. The whole moral and idea of the story is hidden until Lanyon’s narrating, the technique of multiple perspectives which is a very good way of heightening the horror and allows us to see more clearly into their characters and relationships. Another technique used by Stevenson is revealing the plot via letters, diaries and casebooks; this makes us feel that we are actually inside the story, living out what happens and makes us equally confused by not knowing what exactly is happening. Stevenson also uses dreams as the technique of authentication because he uses things like diaries etc to continue the story; an example is when Utterson has a dream, which is full of evil foreboding, which causes the reader to have a greater desire to unmask the mysterious hidden face of Mr Hyde. This is very intense because it is what happens in real life, you have nightmares of bad things and cannot get them off your mind. In conclusion I found out that Stevenson gives a sense of tension throughout the narrating of each character, by using pathetic fallacy, detailed settings, literary devices and strong themes and morals. I think each character has a sense of mystery and horror about them of which we will never get to know. I also think that what you see is not always what you get, because nobody would have known that such an evil character could have came from someone as kind and well mannered as Dr Henry Jekyll. Evil Hyde was a natural part of Jekyll’s personality along with the good side, but because Jekyll was so arrogant he destroyed himself by trying to separate the two. The main theme is that all humans have at least two facets of their personality, good and evil, and that these exist in different measures. It is quite horrific for us to realise that the potential for evil, like Hyde, is inside each and every one of us!!

Leadership, Its Requirements, Roles and Objectives

Leadership, Its Requirements, Roles and Objectives Introduction Leadership is an essential aspect for the success of any organization in the world. This concept has been in existence for thousands of years. All through the history of humanity, we have read about great leaders, the influence they had on people and the success that has was accrued from their leadership. In modern history, the concept of leadership has been integrated in the management of various firms and organizations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership, Its Requirements, Roles and Objectives specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These firms have discovered that strong leadership is an essential factor to their success. As a result, organizations have been looking for individuals with desired leadership skills to lead their organizations (Rowe, 2007). Leadership is therefore the process through which an individual gathers and earns support of others through social enlistment so that they can work t ogether to attain certain goals and objectives that have been set (Stogdill, 1989). The achievement of these goals and objectives ensures that the organization becomes cohesive and coherent. As a result, it will be much easier for the organization to achieve its long-term mission, vision, goals and objectives. However, for an organization to achieve all these, it must have a good leader with desirable leadership qualities. This is due to the fact that it is the leader who initiates directs and controls the growth and development of an organization. Therefore, the success of an organization depends on the effectiveness and efficiency of the leader. To inspire his/her followers, the leader has to be, know and do certain things that will enable his followers to work together as a team to achieve the specific goals and objectives of the organization. This can only be acquired through experience and study. With respect to all this, the question as to whether leadership is a transformatio nal process or a form of control always arises. Although they may seem similar in theory, their concept and application is very different.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To understand these concepts, this paper will critically analyze leadership, its requirements, roles and objectives. The discussions and conclusions that will be made shall be used to determine whether leadership is a transformational process or a form of control. The Process of Leadership The process of leadership is applied by putting into practice the knowledge and skills that the leaders have learned through time. This is what is called the process of leadership (Northouse, 2007). It has been disputed for a long time that leadership is an inborn character. However, from the studies that have been conducted, it has been proved that leadership is a quality that can be leaned through practice and experience. However, for an individual to be a leader, he/she has to posses traits and qualities that influence his/her thoughts or actions. This is what scholars refer to as the trait of leadership (Jago, 1982). These include the beliefs, values, cultures and ethics of an individual. These factors affect the manner in which an individual looks at a situation, the judgement that they will make out of it and the possible solutions that they may come up with. With regards to this, there are factors that contribute to the growth and development of strong leadership qualities in an individual. These include personal values, followers support, communication and situational analysis. A leader must contain strong personal values. These values are essential since they portray the kind of leader an individual is, the relationship he has with his colleagues and other stakeholders, his ability to work and achieve the goals and objectives of an organization and the chances of him/her being suc cessful in his career. A leader therefore must have a strong personality, be able to interact with people and be rational. At the same time, a leader must earn the trust and support of his followers. To be a successful leader, one needs to understand the needs and requirements of all his employees, act as a mentor, motivate and reward hard working employees, be honest and fair. In addition, a leader needs to ensure that his employees have a conducive working environment. This increases the chances of them achieving the goals and objectives of the organization (Lamb and McKee, 2004). All these factors will ensure that a leader has the trust and support of his employees. This will guarantee the success of an individual as a leader (Mischel, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership, Its Requirements, Roles and Objectives specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Communication is an essential aspect for the success of a n organization and an individual as a leader. It is the role of the leader to ensure that his organization has proper channels for communication. To achieve this, a leader has to ensure that information flows in all directions. This ensures that information flows through all the levels of the organization without being distorted. At the same time, the leader will be able to know the requirements and needs of his employees. This will therefore boost the effectiveness and efficiency of the organization and the leader in particular. Finally, a leader must be able to critically analyze each situation and come up with favourable solutions to them. To achieve this, the leader should treat each situation differently. He/she must have good judgement and analysis skills. This will assist in the identification of the problem and formulation of long lasting solutions (Newstrom and Davis, 2003). At the same time, a leader needs to be consistent in the manner in which he/she looks at situations. This will ensure that there is uniformity in the manner in which he/she conducts his activities. As such, the organization will grow and develop in a definite manner (Bass, 2010). All these factors are essential in the making or identification of a good leader. These factors are very essential in any organization. It is the goal and objectives of all the organizations to achieve their goals and objectives. To achieve this, they need to develop, grow and expand their services. This objective can only be realised by having a good leader with desired qualities. Therefore, it is the role of the leader to transform an organization so that it can realize its goals and objectives. There is a factor in any complex system that has the power and authority to control the entire system. Usually, this factor is manpower. Over time, man has had the opportunity to influence many systems in the world. In this day and age, man still has the same influence over many systems and subjects. This rule i s referred to as the Ashby rule of requisite variety (Bateson, 2008).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To put this theory into practice, authority in an aeroplane is under the pilot, in a car is the driver and in organizations, it is the management. This law therefore shows that in every system, there has to be an individual who runs and controls how a system works and operates. This individual is the leader and is responsible for leading a system in a desired direction. The nature of leadership is has been changing drastically with time. Leadership has been in existence for many centuries. To carter for the changing needs of individuals, organizations and societies, leadership models have been transformed. As a result, the leadership models that were in practice several decades ago have become outdated hence cannot produce the desired results in the modern day societies. Due to this fact, several studies have been conducted to come up with means of developing individuals with leadership qualities to meet the demand for leaders in the modern world. This concept has gained a lot of po pularity after the assumption that leadership is an inborn quality was found not to be true (Burns, 2009). The assumption that leadership is an inborn quality made it difficult to select individuals who have the desired qualities to run various organizations. This is because, different organizations have different goals and objectives and as a result, they require individuals who posses different qualities to run and manage them. Due to this fact, researchers concentrated on developing individuals who contained specific qualities that are required to lead in a given situation (Liontos, 2010). This therefore ensured that organizations will be run effectively and efficiently and thus, they will be able to achieve their goals and objectives. However, organizations are dynamic in nature and the situations tend to change. This therefore means that a new leader has to be put in place because of the change in the situation. To solve this problem, scholars and researchers came up with a con cept that made leaders to be flexible in the work and operation. To achieve this, leaders must contain a mix of desired characteristics and qualities that will enable them to work under any situation and in any environment. A given organization is composed of several employees who work to attain the goals and objectives of the organization that they are a part of. They work at the different levels and departments of the organization. To ensure that they operate efficiently, they require an individual who will oversee their actions and ensure that all their activities and operations lead to the achievement of the goals and objective of the organization. John Adair, a researcher in the field of management stated that the needs of the followers are the main reasons behind the essence of leadership (Adair, 1989). Due to the needs of the employees, coupled with the overall goals and objectives of an organization, it is essential to have an individual in place who will brief, plan, contro l, monitor and evaluate the performance of an organization (Adair, 1989). It is the role of this individual to produce a specific outcome within a specified time period. Leadership is therefore essential in the administration and management of any organization (Reisner, 2002). For efficiency, the leadership process is operational at various levels of an organization depending on its structure and human system. On one extreme end, there is strategic leadership that requires the attainment of the vision, mission and objectives of an organization (Rodman, 2006). Here, high quality leadership is required to achieve the specific outcomes of the organization. The leader thus works hard together with his staff to bring the mission and vision of the organization into reality. The leader should therefore focus on creating a working culture that will enable his employees to work together. This will ensure that there are smooth operations of activities within organization. To achieve this, a l eader needs to coordinate the available human effort that is at his disposal to achieve the specific goals and outcomes. He/she should therefore work on maximizing on the strengths of the organization and improving on its weaknesses (Evetts, 2000). Simple leadership models are thus the most effective tools for achieving these objectives. The style of leadership that an individual employs is also essential in ensuring that an organization achieve its goals and objectives. There has been a lot of debate in determining which leadership style is the most suitable for running organization. During the 1960s, Americans came up with a strategy that efficiently analysed the effectiveness of leadership styles (Kanter, 2006). This strategy used the relationship between task and behaviour. According to the strategy, the most efficient leadership style is the one that has a moderation of task and behaviour. This style ensures that the operations and activities of an organization are sustainable in the short-run and in the long run. Another method that was used to determine the efficiency of a leadership style focused on the communication patterns that are present in an organization. Different organizations have different communication patterns. Autocratic, one-way, laissez-faire and multi-faceted are some of communication systems that an organization can adopt. According to this method, an organization with the most efficient leadership style has to have a communication system that allows free flow of information among all the members of staff and embraces democracy. The last method is referred to as the expectation method. According to this method, managers normally contain some expectations from the people whom they lead. In the first theory, managers believe that their employees are not hard working. Due to this fact, they require close monitoring, control and punishment as motivational factors. The other theory states that each individual employee has the potential of performing well. To reach their greatness, they require coaching, training, education and empowerment (Jovanovic, 2011). In practice, both theories are true. It is therefore the role of the leader to determine what type of followers he has so that he can decide on the most effective leadership style that he will use to run the organization. Over the years, there has been a great confusion between leadership and management (Kurtz, 2011). People have been using these terms interchangeably since they do not understand the difference that lies between them. From practice, it is evident that there is a huge relationship between leadership and management. Scholars normally refer to leaders as individuals who show a mix of characters that inspire and emotionally build their followers (Kaplan and Norton, 2006). Managers on the other hand are defined as individuals who obey rules and follow procedures and regulations to achieve set targets or goals while operating systems and exercising cont rol over their subjects (Kaplan and Norton, 2006). At higher levels of an organization, the concept of leadership and management are normally interrelated. This might be the cause of the confusion where people normally confuse these two terms. To differentiate them, management normally focuses on the process of organising, planning and controlling activities of an organization while leadership concentrates on instilling direction, emotional alignment, change and motivation in an organization (Kaplan and Norton, 2006). As a result, leadership is the process that maintains the viability of an organization by ensuring that it is on the track of achieving its short-term and long-term goals and objectives. In addition, proper leadership is a key factor that guarantees the sustainability of an organization in the short-term and long-term. It is therefore a dynamic process that aims at brining change in an organization through transformation so that it can grow and become viable. Leadershi p is therefore the process that influences the followers by guiding and motivating them. To fully explore on this idea, the impact of leadership on followers has been divided into three levels (Kurtz, 2011). The lowest level of leadership is purely professional. Here individuals perform their professional roles individually or as a team. Emotional involvement at this level is minimal as the only relationship that individuals have is that of working as a team. Due to this fact, this level can be said to be purely managerial as it entails the co-ordination of the efforts of an individual with that of his other team members to achieve the goals and objectives of an organization. At this level, the desired ability of an individual can be achieved through education and training. Effective leadership falls at the second level of the hierarchy. This level is much more emotional as compared to the first one. Ability at this level is not learned or trained but rather it is developed through exposure and examination of various leadership models that improve on individual processes and applications. The last level is that of a visionary leader. Here, the leadership process is entirely emotional and entails virtues and qualities such as honesty, trust and discipline. Leadership at this level aims at developing great performance of the followers rather than transforming their hidden abilities. This aims at producing, leading and guiding a group of focused, industrious and talented followers to achieve the set goals and objectives of an organization. Leadership is therefore a transformational process when applied in its most effective way. There is a close link between change and leadership. This link has developed due to the dynamic world that organizations operate in. The needs and requirements of any organization keep on changing with time. These changes normally come about due to shifts in demand and requirements of an organization. To ensure that an organization remain on the track of achieving its long-term goals and objectives, strong leadership is required to ensure that the organization embraces this change and transforms its activities and operations to take advantage of the situation at hand. Leaders therefore need to act as role models, motivate, inspire and gain the support and trust of their followers in order for them to be successful in achieving the goals and objectives of an organization. From this discussion, leadership has been proven to be a transformational process rather than a form of control. Conclusion From the above discussions, due to its nature, leadership has been proven to be a transformational process rather than a form of control. This is because it aims at offering direction, inspiration and motivation to followers. This maximizes their performance hence making it easier for an organization to achieve its vision, mission, goals and objectives. With this realization, organizations have worked hard to ensure that they e mploy leadership styles that will guarantee the achievement of their short terms and long terms goals and objectives. Leadership is also essential as it is used to embrace change within an organization. During the process of change, strong leadership is essential since it leads to the empowerment of the employees and the business as a whole to keep up with the changes that are taking place in the business environment. Changes that can take place in an organization may include missionary changes, operational changes, strategic changes, technological changes and changes in the attitude and perceptions of the employees. Control on the other hand falls under the managerial umbrella that concentrates on organization, planning and control of an organization. It is the role of managers to ensure that employees work according to the standards and requirements of the organization to meet the goals and objectives of the organization. To achieve this, they work within strict rules and guidelin es. Therefore, leadership is ultimately a transformational process. References Adair, J. (1989) Great Leaders. Talbort: Adiar Press Bass, B. (2010) From transactional to transformational leadership: learning to share the vision. Organizational Dynamics, 18, (3), p. 19-31. Bateson, G. (2008) Steps to the ecology of the mind. London: Paladin Burns, J. (2009). Leadership. N.Y.: Harper and Row. Evetts, J. (2000) Analysing change in women’s careers: Culture, structure and Action  dimensions. New York: Blackwell Publishers Jago, A. G. (1982) Leadership: Perspectives in theory and research. Management  Science, 28(3), p. 315-336. Jovanovic, M. (2011) International Handbook on the Economics of Integration:  Competition, Spatial Location of Economic Activity and Financial Issues.  Sacramento: Edward Elgar Publishing Kanter, R. (2006) Men and Women of the Corporation. New York: Basic Books. Kaplan, R.S. and Norton D.P. (2006) How to Implement a New Strategy without Disrupting Y our Organization. Harvard Business Review 84 (3), 100-109. Kurtz, D.L. (2010) Contemporary Management 2011. New York: Sage Publications Lamb, L. F. and McKee, K. B. (2004) Applied Public Relations: Cases in Stakeholder  Management. New Jersey: Routledge. Liontos, L. (2010) Transformational Leadership. London: Sage Mischel, W. (2008) Personality and Assessment. New York: Wiley. Newstrom, J. and Davis, K. (1993) Organization Behavior: Human Behavior at Work. New York: McGraw-Hill. Northouse, G. (2007) Leadership theory and practice. London: Sage Publications, Inc. Reisner,R. (2002) When a Turnaround Stalls. Harvard Business Review, 45 (1), p. 15- 18 Rodman, T. (2006) Market Planning and Analysis. New York: Sage Rowe, W. G. (2007) Cases in Leadership. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Stogdill, R. M. (1989) Stogdills Handbook of Leadership: A Survey of Theory and Research. New York: Free Press.

Famous vs. Infamous

Famous vs. Infamous Famous vs. Infamous Famous vs. Infamous By Maeve Maddox I have long bewailed the misuse of the word famous to apply to bad people, reminding readers that the word for widely known people of ill repute is infamous. Now I’ve discovered that not only is famous erroneously applied to gangsters and murderers, but now the word infamous is being flung about as if it meant noted or simply, known. The site that brought this latest misuse to my attention features a slideshow about male celebrities who are shorter than average. Each slide provides information under the following headings: Height Date of Birth Number of Children Infamous for One or two of the celebrities are â€Å"infamous for† cocaine use, but the information that appears under the â€Å"infamous† heading for the others is nothing to be ashamed of. Here are a few examples of the behavior labeled infamous on this site: was a dishwasher once was the son of scientists sometimes hides his hand in his pocket to conceal its trembling wears thick black horn-rimmed glasses worked in a beauty salon after high school was godfather to another celebrity’s children These acts hardly fit the OED definition of infamous: Of ill fame or repute; famed or notorious for badness of any kind; notoriously evil, wicked, or vile; held in infamy or public disgrace. Here, for example, are some infamous people noted for their infamous acts: Ivan the Terrible Jack the Ripper Pol Pot Heinrich Himmler Adolf Hitler Josef Stalin Delphine LaLaurie Josef Mengele Tomas de Torquemada Actions that warrant the description of infamous include: burning people to death, performing surgical experiments on conscious children, blinding your architects, boiling your treasurer–that kind of thing. The preoccupation with the celebrity of people–famous or infamous–has coined a new expression: â€Å"famous for being famous.† In the past, the usual way to acquire fame or notoriety was to excel at something, whether writing, acting, or governing. With the advent of self-generated publicity, some people manage to become a focus of public attention for nothing at all. Frequently cited examples of this type of non-fame are: the Kardashian sisters, Paris Hilton, Kato Kaelin, Heidi Montag, Kelly Osbourne, and Ivanka Trump. Here are some words other than famous or infamous that may be used to describe a well-known person: well-known prominent famed popular renowned noted eminent distinguished esteemed celebrated respected illustrious acclaimed great legendary lionized notorious Most of these words are applicable to people known for doing commendable things. The other kind of people are perhaps best ignored as much as possible. Famous and Infamous on Newspapers Monsanto to ditch its infamous name after sale to Bayer (www.theguardian.com) - Syrian Kurdish fighters have detained two British men infamous for their role in the Islamic State’s imprisonment, torture and killing of Western hostages, according to Am (www.nytimes.com) on Broadway’s least-discovered northern stretch.Broadway is arguably the most famous thoroughfare in the world (by one measure, 250 million hits on Google versus 6 million for the Champs-Élysà ©es) (www.nytimes.com) Related posts: â€Å"Famous Doesn’t Apply to Murderers or Gangsters† Video Recap Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Direct and Indirect ObjectsHyper and HypoA Yes-and-No Answer About Hyphenating Phrases

The Giver by Lois Lowry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Giver by Lois Lowry - Essay Example This new gift of music is a representation of hope and rebirth. Jonas will finally be able to experience the actual world and not purely memories. The music also greets him to a different society. The source of the singing Jonas hears is as vague as the novel’s end itself. It could possibly be the music that the town he used to live in learns to create. The music might perhaps simply be an echo of the music in the town, reminding Jonas that his community maybe learning the joy of music the same time he is. The music he hears could also be only figments of his imagination, encroaching as he is dying in the cold. I chose this quote because it shows that Jonas has finally accomplished his ultimate goal for the community, to be able to let them experience affection and solitude, both free will and choice, finally wakening his whole community to the promises of life. The end of the novel is unquestionably hopeful and that is why I like this quote. The whole novel, all throughout, was generally depicting struggle and the writhe to change the way his community was living. This quote finally signified the value and meaning of what he went through and sacrificed for

The Problem of Leadership in Cuba, Mexico and Brazil Essay

The Problem of Leadership in Cuba, Mexico and Brazil - Essay Example 2. Cuba The Cuban tale of independence was preceded by two more important events namely the independence of Haiti in 1791 and the call for independence from Spain in the 1820’s. The Haitian revolution had proven beyond doubt that people from various racial and ethnic backgrounds could operate together to subdue not one but three colonial powers to claim their independence. The Cuban revolution and its constituents resembled the Haitian insurgents in racial composition as the call to arms was taken up by blacks, mulattos and whites alike. Previously the Cuban domain had remained faithful to Spain even though other nations were claiming their independence. Cuba was given the motto â€Å"The Always Most Faithful Island† by the Spanish Crown although small plans for insurgency had been unearthed throughout the 1830’s and 1840’s. The loyalty towards the Spanish Crown stemmed from dependence on Spain for trade as well as protection from pirates and unease at the rising power of the United States. The actual insurgency was initiated by Carlos Manuel De Cespedes who was a sugar plantation owner. Carlos freed his slaves and declared that any slaves who were presented for military service would be freed. The conflict emerged in 1868 and became known as the Ten Years War with the emergence of a new government supported by blacks, mulattos and white men. Throughout the struggle race was nearly dismantled as a classification as white men served under blacks and blacks and mulattos rose to prominence as colonels, generals and the like. The newly formed government was not recognised by the United States though other European and Latin American governments recognised it. The war ended in 1878 with the Pact of Zanjon as Spain promised greater autonomy to Cuba. In the following year another insurgency was initiated by a Cuban patriot better known as Calixto Garcia. This effort was labelled as the Little War but it received little support. Slavery was abolished generally in Cuba following these events and abolition was completed in the 1880’s. The next conflict in Cuba emerged in 1895 with forces led by Jose Marti who was finally killed in the battle of Dos Rios on May 19, 1895. The large Spanish army outnumbered the insurgents as local people were forced into concentration camps by the military governor of Cuba. The final end of the war in 1898 placed leadership in the hands of the influential whites and some mulattos. Following independence Cuba saw social and political corruption along with short regimes that boomed and waned in rapid succession till the socialist revolution. 3. Mexico Mexico was ruled by a republican general Porfirio Diaz who took over Mexico during the French intervention. Porfirio was in charge of the country from 1876 to 1880 and then from 1884 to 1911 through five consecutive reelections and the period became known better as Porfirio. This era was characterized by large progress in economics as wel l as the arts and sciences though economic disparity was on the rise along with political repression. Election fraud associated with Diaz’s fifth election instigated the Mexican Revolution of 1910 which was led by Francisco I. Madero forcing Diaz to resign in 1911. However Francisco was overthrown only two years later in a coup by the conservative general Victoriano Huerta which put the nation into another civil war